Most of Flarum's variables can be found in https://github.com/flarum/framework/blob/main/framework/core/less/common/variables.less
The first 4 are the ones that are automatically updated with the settings' values from the admin: @config-primary-color, @config-secondary-color (colors), @config-dark-mode, @config-colored-header (booleans)
The other variables in the file can also be used by extensions/custom less, those values are either "constants" or values computed from the settings variables.
Since the most recent Flarum version, most of these values are also exposed as native CSS variables instead of Less, which means they can be used in external CSS sheets or even inline CSS. This file shows the names of the CSS variables https://github.com/flarum/framework/blob/main/framework/core/less/common/root.less