The username
column of Flarum only officially supports alpha-numerical ASCII characters, dashes, and underscores.
MySQL will not prevent storing other characters though, and most Flarum features will probably work fine even with unexpected characters. However the Mentions extension relies on regular expressions which have been optimized for the default set of allowed characters. The username URL slug driver is another one, since it's not expecting other characters it's not encoding them for use in an URL.
If you really want more advanced username formatting, the intended solution is to use Nicknames which aren't unique or part of any URL and therefore not restricted to any particular character.
I don't think there's any public extension for this, but the next part would be to hide usernames completely and fill them with a random unique value automatically if you are not using them for URL slugging or legacy mentions. I implemented this manually on a forum where people only interact using their email. It might be a bit difficult to make a universal extension that works for all use cases.