Mallinger did you make any customization to Flarum's head HTML or custom CSS that affects FontAwesome, or installed the FontAwesome v6 extension?
Can you check your browser network tab to see if any file with fa-regular in the name is loaded or encounters an error? On my test forum the file that's loaded is called assets/fonts/fa-regular-400.woff2 but the file extension could be different depending on your browser.
If the font file is missing on the filesystem you can run php flarum assets:publish to have Flarum copy them again to the correct place.
For your second question I think the logic is as follows: if there are unread posts, the number of unread posts is shown (that value is estimated and can be slightly wrong if many posts were deleted in the middle of the unread conversation). If there are no unread posts, it shows the number of replies (so it would be the total posts minus the first one).