🐍 pyFlarum
Somewhere at the beginning of year 2021, I have started a concept to build a Python Flarum package. The goal was to provide everyone an easy and extensible system to interact with Flarum's public API and perform user-related tasks.
Thus, I present to you pyFlarum.
🔗 Useful links
🐱🏍 Features
- Complete support for creating, retrieving, updating and deleting data.
- (Almost) everything is object-oriented, with docstrings (still needs to be done) and examples to help you code faster.
- Very extensible, thanks to custom extension & dependency system. The most common Flarum extensions are included out of the box, and more are still on the way. Read more about the extension system here.
- The data is fetched and stored as JSON, but the keys can be retrieved by using class properties, which also handles type conversions.
- This means that instead of using
discussion['data']['attributes']['title'], it is as simple as discussion.title.
- Flarum's JSON API works in saving mode. What I mean is that when you fetch a discussion from notification, not all of the discussion's data is present in the JSON. On the other hand, obtaining the discussion directly by it's ID results in a much detailed JSON.
- To save you headaches, pyFlarum obviously handles this too and all of the objects have different hierarchy and inheritance. Example:
DiscussionFromNotification is parent for DiscussionFromBulk and that's parent for Discussion, where Discussion object is discussion obtained directly from API, and therefore logically contains all properties of the previous objects (and JSON). This is all nicely rendered thanks to your editor's linting and type hints, so you won't make a mistake by accessing unexisting properties from parent objects. More about pyFlarum's inheritance system and it's flaws can be found here.
🚀 Quickstart
📀 Installation
This package requires Python 3.6+ and the requests library to be installed. Yep, that's the only dependency. Should there be more over time, you can install them all at once by using this command (but I assume that you're already familiar with all of this, so feel free to skip this part):
pip install -r requirements.txt
# or:
python -m pip install -r requirements.txt
Installing is easy with:
pip install pyflarum -U
# or:
python -m pip install pyflarum -U
Updating:
python -m pip install pyflarum -U --upgrade
# or:
pip install pyflarum --upgrade -U
Uninstalling:
python -m pip uninstall pyflarum
# or:
pip uninstall pyflarum
📜 Quickstart Example
How easy is it to fetch a specific discussion and print it's title?
The answer - luckily, it's actually quite easy:
from pyflarum import FlarumUser
# Here, we initialize our `FlarumUser` object. You can't do anything without this first:
USER = FlarumUser(forum_url="https://discuss.flarum.org/")
# Now, let's get the discussion:
discussion = USER.get_discussion_by_id(28221)
print(discussion.title)
That's just amazing 4 lines of code (without comments and newlines)!
➡ What's next?
Check the documentation to dive deep into the concepts of this project and learn more!
I will now take a small break from maintaining this - I still want to do a bit more projects this summer now that I have some time. However, I am open for feature requests and bug reports at the GitHub repository.
The documentation is still not finished yet, but that can wait for now until some people show some interest in this. My honest view is that I do not want to work on something that people will not enjoy, and I will likely require some motivation in order to keep this project alive. If no interest is shown, I will occassionaly push bugfixes and features for my personal use over time. I don't actually expect much people to use this, but I'd be surprised and happy if you would!
📜 Examples
I'll show you some more examples before we dive deep into the details at the documentation. All of the following snippets assume that you already have your USER object initialized.
Get all discussions from the front page (/api/discussions) and print the title & URL:
for discussion in USER.all_discussions():
print(discussion.title, discussion.url)
Obtain some user:
user = USER.get_user_by_id(1)
for group in user.get_groups():
print(group.nameSingular)
You can find more examples in the sections below, or browse the tests directory of the source code for full examples of various tasks. These will be regularly updated, should this stay maintained, to ensure that old stuff works and new features behave correctly too.
📡 Parameters
By default, pyFlarum works by just knowing the forum's URL. But there are more options to choose from. Let's go through the basic ones:
🔐 Authentication
In order to perform user related actions, you must be logged in. This is easier done than said (pun unintended):
USER = FlarumUser(forum_url="https://discuss.flarum.org", username="yourusername", password="#TopSecret123")
...just like that! However, I strongly recommend you to store your user's credentials in a .env file and load it by using a library such as python-dotenv:
.env:
username="spam"
password="eggs"
script.py:
import os
from dotenv import load_dotenv
load_dotenv()
from pyflarum import FlarumUser
USER = FlarumUser(
forum_url="https://discuss.flarum.org",
username=os.environ["username"],
password=os.environ["password"]
)
Don't forget to exclude .env in your .gitignore, if you're using Git (in other words, don't be like me once)!
📚 Cached sessions
By default, pyFlarum uses the standard Session object from Python's requests. However, it is possible to pass your own Session object.
A practical use case would be to use requests_cache's CachedSession object instead:
from requests_cache import CachedSession
from pyflarum import FlarumUser
USER = FlarumUser(
forum_url="https://discuss.flarum.org",
session_object=CachedSession()
)
The cache really makes a difference and can speed requests by up to 10x! But I decided to make it optional, as it is not ideal for frequent API calls (e. g. watching for notifications/mentions to respond to user's commands - yes, that's possible with the commands and watch extensions)
🧩 Extensions
Similarly to Flarum, pyFlarum also works around the concept of extensions.
These can be imported and included in your FlarumUser object as a list of extension classes:
from pyflarum import FlarumUser
from pyflarum.extensions.flarum.core import Flarum_Likes
USER = FlarumUser(
forum_url="https://discuss.flarum.org"
extensions=[
Flarum_Likes.LikesExtension
]
)
# ...
🐲 Dealing with type hints
I really tried to make this work, but I couldn't. In case you haven't head about them, read this. Basically, they help you read your code before it's run.
The thing is, extensions work on principe of monkey-patching. When you create a FlarumUser object with extensions, the mixins (classes of properties and functions) of that extensions are copied to the main FlarumUser class (or others). And there is no way for your editor to handle this (or at least, I haven't found a way around this - if you do, that would be amazing).
The only option for now is to type hint the mixins directly, to make your editor recognize also the functions and properties from the extension:
Example:
from pyflarum import FlarumUser
from pyflarum.extensions.flarum.core import Flarum_Approval
USER = FlarumUser(
forum_url="https://discuss.flarum.org"
extensions=[
Flarum_Approval.ApprovalExtension
]
)
discussion = USER.get_discussion_by_id(1)
discussion.isApproved # <- no syntax highlighting
...but specifying that the discussion should contain also the properties from the Flarum_Approval.ApprovalDiscussionFromNotificationMixin works:
discussion = USER.get_discussion_by_id(1) # type: Flarum_Approval.ApprovalDiscussionFromNotificationMixin
discussion.isApproved # <- syntax highlighting works
Note: The Flarum_Approval extension contains only one mixin for discussions: Flarum_Approval.ApprovalDiscussionFromNotificationMixin. Since this is a parent of Discussion because of the inheritance, you can type-hint just that for it to work (no Union from typing is required). You can check the extensions documentation for list of available mixins and extensions, or the source code.
⬆ Class Inheritance
pyFlarum's inhertitance needed to be wrapped around Flarum's API, so that these two can work together. To understand this system, we need to first understand how Flarum's API works:
Normally, there is an API route for multiple (bulk) object's data. You can further specify the ID to obtain the specific object's data. Let's say we want to fetch all discussions from the front page. We could do that by visiting /api/discussions of your favourite Flarum forum. Here, we see a bunch of JSON data of discussions. We can pick one, and then visit /api/discussions/:discussion_id to fetch specific discussion's JSON. By comparing the data from the bulk route (/api/discussions) and specific route (/api/discussions/:discussion_id), we can see that the specific route contains more detailed JSON information of the discussion. Specifically, this means that discussion from bulk contains just data for the first post, whereas the specific route contains all posts (for example).
Usually, Flarum inherits the more detailed data's properties from the previous less detailed ones. This means that discussion from bulk might contain ID, type and a few attributes, such as the title of the discussion. So, the specific discussion contains all the data that discussion from bulk contains (ID, type, title...) + all the posts (which too only get referenced when there are many of them).
Luckily, I have put my best efforts to make pyFlarum handle this for you. That's why there are multiple objects for each of Flarum's thingies. Here's an example inheritance structure for posts:
(contains) (is parent for)
Posts >> PostFromBulk -> Post
Or (more complicated) notifications:
(contains) (contains) (inherits from)
Notifications >> Notification >> PostFromNotification <- PostFromDiscussion
|
\_ PostFromBulk -> Post
(is parent for) (is parent for)
📜 Example
Fetch all discussions from the front page:
for discussion in USER.all_discussions():
print(type(discussion)) # <class 'DiscussionFromBulk'>
Note how the type is DiscussionFromBulk instead of Discussion? That's because DiscussionFromBulk doesn't contain full data like Discussion does.
The data gets limited for Flarum's purposes. For example, you don't need all posts in order to render the discussions at the front page - so Flarum omits the posts from the data. You need to make additional API call to fetch the full data (with posts):
# Wrong:
for discussion in USER.all_discussions():
for posts in discussion.get_posts():
print(post.url)
# Correct:
for discussion in USER.all_discussions():
full_discussion = discussion.get_full_data() # makes an additional API call to fetch `/api/discussions/:discussion_id`
for posts in full_discussion.get_posts():
print(post.url)
👀 Included data
That was the easy part of the inheritance system. It gets more complicated with the included things.
Each API call might contain an included section with more detailed data for referenced objects.
Let's examine a wild JSON spotted in the real world:
{
"data": [
{
"type": "discussions",
"id": "1",
"attributes": {
"title": "An example title"
},
"relationships": {
"firstPost": {
"data": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "1"
}
}
}
}
],
"included": [
{
"type": "posts",
"id": "1",
"attributes": {
"content": "Bla bla bla"
}
}
]
}
This is a simplified syntax of how might a JSON for /api/discussions look like. We can see a discussion with ID 1, that has a special pyflarum.flarum.core.discussions.DiscussionFromBulk.relationships array (or dictionary, if you're a Pythonista). This array contains a reference for firstPost (unsurprisingly, that's the first post of the discussion). The full data is in the pyflarum.flarum.core.discussions.Discussions.included section of the JSON, where we indeed can see a post object with the corresponding ID of 1.
Again, I put together what I could to make this work for you instead of you working for it. Whenever pyFlarum makes an API call to a top-level route such as /api/discussions, obtaining a discussion from that will include the parent pyflarum.flarum.core.discussions.Discussions.included in that discussion as well. So now, whenever you would like to obtain a post from that discussion, the reference for that post is found in the relationships array and then it gets recursively matched to the resulting pyflarum.flarum.core.posts.PostFromDiscussion in the pyflarum.flarum.core.discussions.Discussions.included section. See parent included below.
From Flarum's side, this was done to eliminate frequent API calls and to save on the JSON's size. Including the full data would possibly make the JSON contain duplicates, if for example, all posts were made by the same user. This way, the user is included only once in the pyflarum.flarum.core.discussions.Discussions.included section, and we saved some bytes to transfer. People using paid mobile networks will be grateful to save some cents.
You might be asking, why keep tossing the parent included into every object? Well, from pyFlarum's side this was done to save on the amount of requests and to speed the package up. Of course, instead of looking things in included, you could make a direct API call to retrieve the full data of the object you want. But this would slow things down drastically, when you're operating with large amounts of data at the same time (e. g. fetching all discussions and posts - you'd need to make separate API call for every post in order to obtain the data - this way, everything's already in included).
This is very complicated, and I can't explain things, so it might be worthy checking the source code, if you care to learn more about how pyFlarum handles this.
📚 Parent included
It is a JSON data of the parent's included JSON data.
I put together what I could to make this work for you instead of you working for it. Whenever pyFlarum makes an API call to a top-level route such as /api/discussions, obtaining a discussion from that will include the parent pyflarum.flarum.core.discussions.Discussions.included in that discussion as well. So now, whenever you would like to obtain a post from that discussion, the reference for that post is found in the relationships array and then it gets recursively matched to the resulting pyflarum.flarum.core.posts.PostFromDiscussion in the pyflarum.flarum.core.discussions.Discussions.included section.
Long explanation for nerds (I am not good at explaining)
This is because of the way Flarum's includes work.
When you run a function such as pyflarum.flarum.core.discussions.DiscussionFromBulk.get_author(), the data for the author is not directly in the pyflarum.flarum.core.discussions.DiscussionFromBulk's JSON.
This means that pyFlarum would have to make a new API call everytime you run pyflarum.flarum.core.discussions.DiscussionFromBulk.get_author(), and you'd see 429 sooner than usual.
Instead, the data is already in the parent's (pyflarum.flarum.core.discussions.Discussions.included) data. And since that gets passed to this object too, pyFlarum doesn't need to
make any more API calls - instead, it just picks the right author from that data.
You can think of this as a cache in a nutshell, if it's unclear for you. And if things are still confusing you, you just don't need to worry about this
because pyFlarum handles everything for you in the background. Unless you are forging this object's JSON data by yourself,
and you don't pass the parent's included - this would mean that all functions that rely on that will break. I have never spotted any weird stuff by normal
usage of pyFlarum during testing, but there's perhaps a very tiny chance that this system can possibly bug out.
